港大數學系 | 專補 DSE 數學(Core / M1 / M2)| 2018 DSE 超過 40% 學生考取 5* 或以上,超過 65% 學生考取 5 或以上(只計算出席超過四堂常規課程的學生)
2021年5月4日星期二
2021 DSE Suggested Solutions
當然唔少得 M1 同埋 M2 啦!
2020年10月1日星期四
點樣用 random integers 黎 estimate π?
不如我地試下做少少 experiment 先,求其寫兩個 positive integers,睇下佢地嘅 greatest common divisor(gcd,或者香港學生見開既 H.C.F.)係 1 嘅 probability,比如抽到 $21$ 同 $34$ 就係屬 favourable outcome,抽到 $21$ 同 $35$ 嘅話就唔係一個 favourable outcome。
由於電腦出 random integers 未能做到冇 upper bound 嘅情況,所以我退而求其次,去睇下唔同 upper bound $M$ 嘅結果會係點啦!
|
$M$ |
$100$ |
$10000$ |
$1000000$ |
|
The total number of pairs ($N$) |
$100000$ |
$100000$ |
$100000$ |
|
The number of pairs whose gcd is $1$ ($n$) |
$60949$ |
$60894$ |
$60647$ |
|
The probability of getting a coprime pair
($P=\frac{n}{N}$) |
$0.60949$ |
$0.60894$ |
$0.60647$ |
|
$\sqrt{\frac{6}{P}}$ |
$3.137562119$ |
$3.138978736$ |
$3.145364377$ |
不如我地將呢個 process 各重覆 $30$ 次,睇下會點~eh... 咁熟口面嘅,好似同我地熟悉既 π 好似喎!
|
$M$ |
$100$ |
$10000$ |
$1000000$ |
|
Sample mean of $\sqrt{\frac{6}{P}}$ |
$3.139835545$ |
$3.141452666$ |
$3.142048756$ |
|
Sample standard deviation of $\sqrt{\frac{6}{P}}$ |
$0.004702442$ |
$0.003096638$ |
$0.003385599$ |
哇,真係好似喎!因為宜家每組有 $30$ 個 data,我地可以 assume 佢地係 normal,咁樣只有 $M=100$ 嘅 case 計到嘅 sample mean 係 significant smaller than $\pi$。
究竟點解呢個數字會咁接近 $\pi$ 呢?
我地可以睇下呢個 probability 可以點樣計出黎先~
首先,我地搵兩個數嘅 gcd 首先會搵左呢兩個數嘅 prime factorization(即小學教嘅質因數連乘式),點樣做到兩個數嘅 gcd 係 1?就係佢地唔會同時係 2 嘅倍數、唔會同時係 3 嘅倍數、唔會同時係 5 嘅倍數、唔會同時係 7 嘅倍數…… 即佢地唔會同時係同一個質數嘅倍數;而因為質數 $p$ 嘅倍數係每 $p$ 就會有一個,所以一個數字係質數 $p$ 嘅倍數嘅 probability 就會係 $\frac{1}{p}$,因此兩個數都唔係質數 $p$ 嘅倍數嘅 probability 就會係 $\frac{1}{p^{2}}$;考慮哂個咁多個 prime numbers,就會得到 $$P=\prod_{p\textbf{ prime}}\left(1-\frac{1}{p^{2}}\right)= \left(1-\frac{1}{2^{2}}\right)\times\left(1-\frac{1}{3^{2}}\right)\times\left(1-\frac{1}{5^{2}}\right)\times\cdots。$$
跟住我地就可以嘗試爆開上面,因為 $0<\frac{1}{p^{2}}<1$,根據 GS sum to infinity,我地知道 $$\frac{1}{1-\frac{1}{p^{2}}} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{p^{2k}}=1+\frac{1}{p^{2}}+\frac{1}{p^{4}}+\frac{1}{p^{6}}+\cdots,$$ 所以我地可以將上面個 product 寫成 $$\frac{1}{P}=\prod_{p\textbf{ prime}}\left(\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{p^{2k}}\right) = \left(1+\frac{1}{2^{2}}+\frac{1}{2^{4}}+\frac{1}{2^{6}}\right) \times \left(1+\frac{1}{3^{2}}+\frac{1}{3^{4}}+\frac{1}{3^{6}}\right) \times \left(1+\frac{1}{5^{2}}+\frac{1}{5^{4}}+\frac{1}{5^{6}}\right) \times \cdots$$
因為我地小學已經學左嘅 Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic,即每個整數都可以寫成一個 unique 嘅 prime factorization,我地就會見到其實爆開出黎嘅 terms 都係 $\frac{1}{m^{2}}$,而 $m$ 係任何 integers 嘅樣,而且唔會重覆。比如因為 $12=2^{2}\times 3$,所以 $\frac{1}{12^{2}}$ 就可以由第一個 bracket 揀 $\frac{1}{2^{4}}$、第二個 bracket 揀 $\frac{1}{3^{2}}$ 同埋剩餘嘅 brackets 都揀 $1$ 得出,所以 $$\frac{1}{P}=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{k^{2}}=1^{2}+2^{2}+3^{2}+\cdots。$$
1735 年,數學家 Euler 發現左 $$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{k^{2}}=1^{2}+2^{2}+3^{2}+\cdots=\frac{\pi^{2}}{6},$$ 而呢條式就可以幫我地計到 $$P=\frac{6}{\pi^{2}},$$ 亦因此我地就知道 $$ \pi=\sqrt{\frac{6}{P}} $$ 喇!
如果想知上面條式點黎,我可以下次打番架!
當然同學都可以諗下點解當 $M$ 係細數嘅時候,點解 estimate 出黎嘅 $\pi$ 通常會細過 actual value?
2020年5月3日星期日
2020 DSE Suggested Solutions
當然唔少得 M1 同埋 M2 啦!
2019年11月6日星期三
2020 DSE Maths / M1 / M2 Mock Examination
今年既 mock exam 同上年一樣,都係會係九展舉行!
全部考試模式均與真實 DSE 一樣,務求令各位同學可以真正體驗 DSE 既考試氣氛同埋睇下自己係 DSE 數學 / M1 / M2 中既不足之處,從而加以改善。
數學必修部分(Mathematics Compulsory Part)
數學延伸部分(Mathematics Extended Part (Modules 1 & 2))
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人數
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11月15日或之前 Early Bird 八折優惠
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正價
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不購買 2019
DSE Mock Exam Set
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DSE Mock Exam Set
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DSE Mock Exam Set
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歷屆 Maths / M1 / M2 Mock Examinations
如有任何查詢,可以以 Whatsapp 聯絡 Jacky Sir:67093450。
2019年8月9日星期五
2019 M2 Q9 只用 Core 方法做既話要點做呢?
(a)
Note that $y=\frac{1}{3}\sqrt{12-x^{2}}$ can give $x^{2}+9y^{2}=12$.
On $\Gamma$, when $x=3$, $y=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$.
Therefore, let $y-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}=m(x-3)$ be the equation of $L$, where $m$ is the slope of $L$, i.e. $y=m(x-3)+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$.
Then, we have $x^{2}+9\left[m(x-3)+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right]^2=12$, which gives $\left(9m^{2}+1\right)x^{2}-\left(54m^{2}-6\sqrt{3}m\right)x+\left(81m^{2}-18\sqrt{3}m-9\right)=0$.
Since $L$ is a tangent to $\Gamma$, we know that in the above equation, we know that in the above equation, $\Delta=0$, implying $\left[-\left(54m^{2}-6\sqrt{3}m\right)\right]^{2}-4\left(9m^{2}+1\right) \left(81m^{2}-18\sqrt{3}m-9\right)=0$ so $3m^{2}+2\sqrt{3}+1=0$. Hence, $\left(\sqrt{3}m+1\right)^{2}=0$ and then $m=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$.
Hence, the equation of $L$ is $y-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(x-3)$, i.e. $x+\sqrt{3}y-4=0$.
(b)(i)
Note that $y=\sqrt{4-x^{2}}$ gives $x^{2}+y^{2}=4$.
Substitute $y=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(x-3)+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}x+\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}$ into the above equation, we have $x^{2}+\left(-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}x+\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}\right)^{2}=4$, which implies that $(x-1)^{2}=0$. Hence, $x=1$.
Also, since $1$ is a double root of the equation, we know that $L$ really touches $C$ at $x=1$.
On $C$, when $x=1$, $y=\sqrt{3}$ so the required coordinates are $\left(1,\sqrt{3}\right)$.
(b)(ii)
By solving $x^{2}+9y^{2}=12$ and $x^{2}+y^{2}=4$, we know that $x^{2}=3$ and since $x>0$, we have $x=\sqrt{3}$. Moreover, since $y=\sqrt{4-x^{2}}\geq 0$, we know that $y=1$.
Hence, the required coordinates are $\left(\sqrt{3},1\right)$.
(b)(iii)
Note that the $C$ is in fact a quarter of a circle with centre $(0,0)$ and radius $2$.
Moreover, note that the graph of $y=\sqrt{12-x^{2}}$, where $x\in\left(0,2\sqrt{3}\right)$, denoted by $C'$, is a quarter of a circle with centre $(0,0)$ and radius $2\sqrt{3}$ and this graph can be reduced along the $y$-axis to $\frac{1}{3}$ of the original one to the curve $\Gamma$.
Then, we can use the filling method to find the required area.
Let $O$ be the origin, $P$ be the point $\left(3,\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)$, $Q$ be the point $\left(1,\sqrt{3}\right)$ and $R$ be the point $\left(\sqrt{3},1\right)$.
First, the area of $\triangle OPQ$ is $(3-0)\left(\sqrt{3}-0\right)-\frac{1}{2}(1-0)\left(\sqrt{3}-0\right)-\frac{1}{2}(3-0)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}-0\right)-\frac{1}{2}(3-1)\left(\sqrt{3}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right) = \frac{4}{3}\sqrt{3}$.
Second, note that if $\alpha$ is the angle between $OQ$ and the $x$-axis, then $\tan\alpha=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{1}$ so $\alpha = 60^{\circ}$ and if $\beta$ is the angle between $OR$ and the $x$-axis, then $\tan\beta=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$ so $\beta=30^{\circ}$ so $\angle QOR=60^{\circ}-30^{\circ}=30^{\circ}$. As a result, the area of the circular sector $OQR$ of $C$ can be given by $\pi (2)^{2}\times\frac{30^{\circ}}{360^{\circ}}=\frac{\pi}{3}$.
Third, note that the region bounded by $\Gamma$, $OP$ and $OR$ can be obtained by reducing a circular sector of the $C'$ along the $y$-axis to $\frac{1}{3}$ of the original one so the area of the former is $\frac{1}{3}$ of the latter. Before the reduction, the coordinates of $P$ and $R$ are $\left(3,\sqrt{3}\right)$ and $\left(\sqrt{3},3\right)$ respectively, denoted by $P'$ and $R'$ respectively. Hence, if $\gamma$ is the angle between $OP'$ and the $x$-axis, then $\tan\gamma=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ so $\gamma=30^{\circ}$ whereas if $\delta$ is the angle between $OR'$ and the $x$-axis, then $\tan\delta=\frac{3}{\sqrt{3}}$ so $\delta=60^{\circ}$. Hence, $\angle P'OR'=60^{\circ}-30^{\circ}=30^{\circ}$. As a result, the area of this region can be found by $\pi \left(2\sqrt{3}\right)^{2} \times \frac{30^{\circ}}{360^{\circ}} \times \frac{1}{3} = \frac{\pi}{3}$.
Consequently, the required area is $\frac{4}{3}\sqrt{3}-\frac{\pi}{3}-\frac{\pi}{3}=\frac{4}{3}\sqrt{3}-\frac{2\pi}{3}$.
2019年6月9日星期日
Parabola (拋物線) 是甚麼?
係 Maths Core 我地成日都會講 parabola,但究竟 parabola 係咩黎既呢?我地經常話 $y=ax^{2}+bx+c$ (where $a$, $b$ and $c$ are real constants with $a\neq 0$ 既 graph 係一條 parabola,但…… 其實我地開口埋口講既 parabola 又係咩黎? 其實數學裡面有一種 curve 叫做 conic sections,即係係一個 double infinite right circular cone 用一塊 plane 黎 cut 出黎既 curve,就好似下圖咁:
另外,$\angle PAB$ 同 $\angle PCB$ 都係 semi-vertex angle (by the definition of parabola),所以:
\begin{align*}
\angle PAB &= \angle PCB && \text{(proved)} \\
\angle PBA &= \angle PBC && \text{(proved)} \\
PB&=PB && \text{(common side)} \\
\triangle PAB &\cong \triangle PCB && \text{(A.A.S.)} \\
PA &= PC && \text{(corr. sides, ~}\triangle\text{s)}
\end{align*}
A parabola is a curve such that there exists a point $F$ and a line $l$ such that every point $P$ lying on the parabola is equidistant to $F$ and to $l$.
\begin{align*}
\sqrt{(x-a)^{2}+(y-b)^{2}}&=\sqrt{(x-x)^2+(y-k)^{2}} \\
(x-a)^{2}+(y-b)^{2}&=(y-k)^{2} \\
(2b-2k)y&=(x-a)^{2}+b^{2}-k^{2} \\
y&=\frac{1}{2b-2k}\left(x^{2}-2ax+a^{2}+b^{2}-k^{2}\right) && (\because k\neq b)
\end{align*}
咁我地就出到條 parabola 喇!!!
但…… 點解我地叫 parabola 做拋物線既?咁我地就要用下 F.4 上學期既 mechanics 喇!
係 projectile motion (當然係 without air resistance 啦) 裡面,如果一個 object 由 $(0,0)$ 呢個 point 開始擲出,initial velocity 係 $u$,inclination 係 $\theta$,咁我地就有 \[ \begin{cases} x = ut \cos\theta \\ y = ut \sin\theta - \frac{1}{2} gt^{2}\end{cases}.\]
今日講到咁多,希望大家都會知道大家學緊既 parabola 其實係點黎啦~
2019年4月19日星期五
Maths Core / M1 / M2 Semi-mock Examination 7 for 2020 DSE
Maths Core Mock:2019 年 5 月 26 日 08:45 - 13:00
M1 Mock:2019 年 6 月 2 日 08:45 - 11:30
M2 Mock:2019 年 6 月 2 日 08:45 - 11:30
試卷模式將會與 DSE 真卷一樣,不同的只是考試範圍。
模擬考試更設有多人、多科優惠!
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2019年4月9日星期二
2019 DSE Suggested Solutions
【Updated on 28/4/2019】 當然唔少得 M1 同埋 M2 啦!
2019年4月5日星期五
2018 DSE Suggested Solutions
順便比埋 2018 DSE M1 同埋 M2 既 suggested solution 比大家!
希望大家都考到理想既 grade 啦!!!加油!!!
2019年4月3日星期三
DSE Further Mathematics Curriculum Proposal Part 3
Learning Unit 3 – The binomial theorem
Teaching time: 6 hours
Learning
objective
|
Remarks
|
3.1 Expand binomials and trinomials with positive integral indices
using the Binomial Theorem
|
Proving the Binomial Theorem is required.
The use of the summation notation should
be introduced.
The expansion of trinomials and the
properties of binomial coefficients are required are required.
Applications to numerical approximation,
the greatest coefficient and the greatest term are not required.
|
呢個 Topic 既要求同舊制 Additional Mathematics 類似,但加入左 Deduction of properties of binomial coefficients,令學生可以更熟習 Summation、Differentiation 及 Integration 既用法,當然,涉及 Calculus 既部分會係之後教到既時候先會 subsume 入去相應既 topics 去教。
另外,加入 trinomial expansion 係因為想令學生唔會見到 (a + b + c)^n 就停左係道唔識 expand,而係可以用番學左既 binomial theorem 去解決,所以,引入呢一個部分係無可厚非既。
至於下一個 Topic 就係 More about rational functions。
Learning Unit 4 – More about rational functions
Learning
objective
|
Remarks
|
4.1 Decompose rational functions into partial fractions
|
The maximum degree of the denominator is 4.
Application to infinite summation of rational
functions is not required.
This learning unit can be taught in
Learning Unit 11 – Indefinite integrals.
|
呢個 Topic 就係以前會考都冇既 Topic 黎,而因應 Integration 既要求,為使整個課程完整(只教不需經過 partial fractions 既 integration by substitution 同埋 integration by parts 既題目實在令本身 M2 既課程十分割裂!),以及增加學生在 Mathematics Compulsory Part 對 Rational functions 既認識(只需要認識 operations),此課程特意增加了此課題,以銜接 Mathematics Compulsory Part 與 Further Mathematics。
另外,由於為免冗長計算,此部分的分母的 degree 不會超過 4,而 factors 既種類只會係 linear factors 以及 quadratic factors,另亦可以有 repeating factors。
下次講 proposal 既時候就到 Trigonometry 喇!大家記住要密切留意啊!






